ABSTRACT

In this study, three vegetable cutting fluid namely: Tiger nut, water melon seed and neem seed were selected in drilling operation of mild steel using High Speed Steel (HSS) cutting tool at varying spindle speeds, feed rate and constant depth of cut. A commercially available convectional mineral oil was used as standard for comparative analysis. Flood method of cutting fluid application was adopted at the cutting zone for the cutting fluids, dry drilling environment was equally subjected to the same cutting parameters as the cutting fluids. The viability of these selected oil as cutting fluids were examined based on reduction in temperature generation, surface finish value and characteristics of chips produced. The results indicated that performance of selectedoil as cutting fluid in term of surface quality was best with water melon seed having 1.6μm surface roughness while conventional mineral oil was having 2.2μm at the same feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev, dry drilling condition was having 4.2μm as the highest value at this stated feed rate. The chips produced shows that all the cutting fluids were having segmented chip which is a good morphology at lower spindle speed but dry drilling environment was having 75% of its chip continuous, with substantial portion being burnt. Reduction in the generated temperature as the spindle speed increased was best achieved with water melon seed oil followed by mineral oil, tiger nut oil and neem seed oil respectively. The performance of selected plant cutting fluid are very similar because of their close physio-chemical properties.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page………………………………………………………..……………….…………….i
Title Page……………………………………………………………….………………………ii
Declaration………………………………………………………….…………………………iii
Certification……………………………………………………….………….….………………iv
Dedication………………………………………………………………..………………..…..v
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………….………………..…vi
Abstract……………………………………………………….………………..…………….vii
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………….……………viii
List of Tables……………………………………………………..…………………………..xii
List of Figures…………………………………………………………….………………….xiii
List of Plates…………………………………………………………….…………….…..…xiv
Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………xv
List of Abbreviations and Symbols……………………………………………………………xvi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.1 Background to the Research …………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.3 Aim and Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………..2
1.4 Significance of the study …………………………………………………………………………………………3
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1.5 Project Scope ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
1.6 Justification for the Research……………………………………………………………..3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………………………………………….5
2.1 Introduction to Cutting fluids…………………………………………………………………………………….5
2.1.1 Types of Cutting fluids ………………………………………………………………………………………….6
2.1.2 Functions of Cutting fluid ………………………………………………………………………………………7
2.1.3 Properties of Cutting Fluids ………………………………………………………………………………….7
2.1.4Selection of suitable Cutting fluid …………………………………………………………………………….8
2.1.5 Tool Life ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
2.1.6 Taylor‟s Tool Life Formula ……………………………………………………………………………….. 10
2.2 Cutting fluids application methods ………………………………………………………………………….. 11
2.3 Drilling operation ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
2.3.1 Metal Cutting Parameters …………………………………………………………………………………. 14
2.3.2 Process involved in drilling operation …………………………………………………………………. 16
2.3.3 Operation performed in drilling ………………………………………………………………………… 17
2.3.4 Classification of drilling machine ………………………………………………………………………. 17
2.3.5 Drills …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
2.3.6 Effects of cutting fluids on drilling process ………………………………………………………….. 21
2.4 Drilling parameters………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
2.4.1 Cutting Speed ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
2.4.2 Feed …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
2.4.3 Depth of cut …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
2.4.4 Material Removal Rate ……………………………………………………………………………………. 22
2.4.5 Cutting Time …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.5 Methods of Extraction of Vegetable Oil …………………………………………………………….. 24
2.5.1 Traditional Extraction of Seed oil …………………………………………………………………….. 24
2.5.2 Mechanical Expression of Seed oil …………………………………………………………………… 24
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2.5.3 Solvent Extraction of Seed oil ………………………………………………………………………….. 25
2.6 Description of Vegetable plants under Investigation ……………………………………………. 26
2.6.1 Water Melon seeds ………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
2.6.2 Neem seeds…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
2.6.3 Tiger nuts …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
2.7 Review of Past Works…………………………………………………………………………………….. 27
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE…………………. 29
3.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
3.2Materials ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
3.3 Equipment………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
3.4 Experimental Procedures ………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
3.4.1 Process for Extracting Vegetable oil ………………………………………………………………….. 32
3.4.2 Preparation of Conventional Soluble oil „Mobilcut 102‟ ……………………………………….. 34
3.4.3 Physiochemical analysis of the oil …………………………………………………………………….. 34
3.4.3.1 Percentage Yield …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
3.4.3.2 Refractive Index …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
3.4.3.3 Relative Density …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
3.4.3.4 Acid Value ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 35
3.4.3.5 Saponification Value ………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
3.4.3.6 Iodine Value ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
3.4.3.7 Peroxide Value ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
3.4.3.8 Viscosity ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
3.4.4 Chemical Composition of Metal Using Optical Emmission Spectrometer ………………… 38
3.4.5 Procedure for drilling Operation ……………………………………………………………………….. 39
3.4.6 Surface Roughness Measurement ……………………………………………………………………… 43
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………………. 45
4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
4.2 Result ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 45
4.2.1Chemical composition of Workpiece material………………………………………………………….. 45
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4.2.2 Physico-Chemical properties of Cutting Fluids under Evaluation ………………………………. 46
4.2.3 Percentage Yield of Vegetable oil …………………………………………………………………….. 46
4.2.4 Graphical representation of the result…………………………………………………………………….. 47
4.3 Discussion of Result ………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
4.3.1 Variation of spindle speed with temperature on all the cutting fluids and dry drilling environment ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 51
4.3.2 Variation of spindle speed with chip thickness on all the cutting fluid and dry drilling environment . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 51
4.3.3 Variation of spindle speed with Surface Roughness on all the cutting fluid and dry drilling environment . …………………………………………………………………………………………… 52
4.3.4 Variation of Feed rate with Surface Roughness on all the cutting fluid and dry drilling environment . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52
4.3.5 Morphology of produced chips at specified spindle speed for the selected plant cutting fluid, convectional soluble oil and dry drilling environment ……………………………………….. 53
4.3.6 Percentage Yield of the Vegetable seed under Evaluation ………………………………………… 54
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ……………………………………………………… 55
5.1 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
5.2 Recommendation ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
5.3 Contribution to Knowledge …………………………………………………………………………………… 57
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Research
Machining is the manufacturing process by which parts can be produced to the desired dimensions and surface finish from a blank by gradual removal of excess material in the form of chips by the help of sharp cutting tools. Engineering components are however subjected to one form of machining or another during manufacturing, thus the application of a cutting fluid is very essential. Cutting fluid also known as metal working fluid, coolants, cutting oils, machining fluids or lubricants, are fluids used in manufacturing industries as coolants and lubricants, designed specifically for metal working and machining processes. Cutting fluids are used to reduce the negative effects of heat and friction on both tool and workpiece. Historically, the use of cutting fluids in metal cutting was first reported by F. Taylor in 1894. He observed that cutting speed could be increased up to 33% without reducing tool life by applying large amounts of water in the cutting zone (Avila and Abrao, 2001). The cutting fluids produce three positive effects in the process of machining, heatevacuation, lubrication on the chip–tool interface and chip removal (Lopez et al., 2006).Cutting fluids are extensively used in drilling operations for removal of chips from the holes, thereby preventing drill breakages(Braga, et al., 2002). Higher surface finish, quality and better dimensional accuracy are also obtained from cutting fluids (Sokovic and Mijanovic, 2001).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The application of cutting fluidsin machining processes decreasesthe temperature during machining by spraying the coolant on the machining zone. However, growing environmental concerns such as renewability, biodegrability, safety and health of operators demand serious attention(Abdalla and Patel, 2006).These concerns over the use of mineral oil as lubricant,
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gives vegetable oils the drive in finding their ways into the lubricants for industrial and transportation applications (Gawrilow, 2003). These oils indeed offer significant environmental benefits with respect to resource renewability, biodegradability, as well as providing satisfactory performance in a wide array of applications(Gawrilow, 2003).Tiger nut oil, water melon seed oil and neem seed oil are to be studied for their applicability and suitability as cutting fluid in drilling operation of mild steel. In this research, the three selected plant oils namely: water melon seed oil, neem seed oil, and tiger nut oil were used as cutting fluid in the drilling of mild steel usingVertical Drilling Machine with High speed steel(HSS) cutting tool. ThePhysico-chemical properties of these oils which includerelative density, acid value, saponification value and viscosity were evaluated. Cutting parameters like spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cutwere varied in the process of drilling.Temperature generated, Surface roughness and chip thickness were measured on each of the sample of the workpiece.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of using plant based oils as cutting fluid in metal drilling operation. The specific objectives of this research are:
i. To carry out the Physico-chemical analysis of the selected oils.
ii. To find out the variation of temperature with spindle speed for various cutting fluidsand dry drilling environment.
iii. To study the variation of chip thickness with spindle speed for various cutting fluids and dry drilling environment.
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iv. To study the variation of surface roughness with spindle speed for various cuttingfluids and dry drilling environment.
v. To compare and identify the best cutting fluid between the selected plant oil and the convectional soluble oil.
1.4 Significance of the study
The research is of utmost importancein the area of drilling operation with the applicability of selected plants oil namely; Tiger nut oil, water melon oil and neem seed oil as the cutting fluid.Theirenvironmental friendly nature in term ofbiodegrabilityand freetoxicity has greatly contributed to their choiceas potential cutting fluids in the drilling operation of mild steel.
1.5 Project Scope
This research is limited to the performanceof the selected plant oils with standard soluble oil in drilling of mild steel rod. Vertical drilling machine and high speed steel cutting tool were used in the machining operation. The drilling operation was carried out under different parameters such as spindle speed, feed rate and constant depth of cut. The surface roughness ofeach machined sample was analyzed in order to assess the effectiveness of the selected plant oil.
1.6 Justification for the Research.
Mild steel have been used greatly in construction industry with enormous drilling and cutting operation on structural trusses, water tanks, water pipes and other building related components. The inherent challenges associated with soluble oil as cutting fluid which plant oil have figured out in term of biodegrability, toxicity and renewability have made them prefer choice as cutting fluids in drilling operation of mild steel.
The availability of these vegetable plants in substantial quantities, their environmental friendly
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nature accounts for the use of oil extracts from these plant seeds and nut as cutting fluids.Investigation of the potentials of these selected oils, their efficiency in reducing heat generation and suitability in drilling of mild steel will make addition to the number of available eco-friendly plant extracts that could be used as lubricants for drilling operation.
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