ABSTRACT
This work was carried out to investigate the effects of Burrantashi
extracts on the lipoproteins Burantashi is a popular seasoning agent
to barbecued meat (Suya) in Nigeria. Found in the northern parts of
the country. Lipoproteins are the principal steroid or fat that is
synthesized in the liver or intestines of animals. Erectile
dysfunction (ED) is defined as the consistent or recurrent inability
of a man to attain or maintain penile erection, sufficient for sexual
activity (2nd international consultation on sexual dysfunction Paris,
June 28th
–July 1
st 2003). Following the discovery and introduction
of burantashi research on the mechanism underlying penile
erection, had an enormous boost and many preclinical and clinical
papers have been published in the last five years on the peripheral
regulation of, and the mediators involved in human penile erection.
The most widely accepted risk factors for e.g. are discussed. The
research is focused on human data and the safety and effectiveness
of burantashi stem as a phosphodiesterase – 5- inhibitors (PDEs)
used to treat erectile dysfunction.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

Erectile dysfunction, ED, is a sexual dysfunction that affects the
reproductive systems of both men and women. By definition according to
National Institute of Health consensus Development Panel on impotence
(1993), in Males, it is a sexual dysfunction characterized with the inability to
develop or maintain an erection of the penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual
performance. It is also known as Male impotence or Baby D syndrome,
while in women, according to American Psychiatric Association (1994), it is
characterized with the persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or maintain
until completion of the sexual activity, an adequate Lubrication- Swelling
response that otherwise is present during female sexual arousal and sexual
activity is thus prevented. Hence, it is called Women impotence or female
erectile dysfunction.
The word impotence may also be used to describe other problems that
may interfere with sexual intercourse and reproduction, such as lack of
Sexual Desire and problems with ejaculation or orgasm. Using the term
“erectile dysfunction,” however makes it clear that those other problems are
not involved (NIH, 2005).
An erection occurs as a hydraulic effect due to blood entering and being
retained in sponge-like bodies within the penis and clitoris. The process is
most often than not initiated as a result of sexual arousal, when signals are
transmitted from the brain to nerves in the pelvis.
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Erectile dysfunction is, therefore indicated when an erection is
consistently difficult or impossible to produce, despite arousal (Laumann et
al., 1999).
1.1 PREVALENCE OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN WOMEN
Erectile dysfunction which is known as Female erection dysfunction in
women occurs in about 43% of American Women (NIH Consensus
Conference, 1993). And this medical Condition is a persistent or recurrent
inability to attain or maintain clitoral erection until completion of the sexual
activity, an adequate Lubrication –Swelling response that is normally
present during Female sexual arousal and sexual activity is therefore, absent.
The individual having the condition is said to experience frigidity (American
Psychiatric Association, 1994). Again,
According to Otubu et al. (1998) about 8.7% of Women suffer from this
very condition in the United States while between 35.3 – 40%, according to
Adequnloye (2002) and Eze (1994) of Women in Nigeria suffer from this
condition. Spector and Carey (1994) reported 5-10% in the United States.
In addition, Female erectile dysfunction occurs at any age but majorly
in old age. Hence, the most significant age related change is menopause
(Karen, 2000) and (Rod et al., 2005). However, erectile dysfunction may be
caused by diabetes, atherosclerosis, hormonal imbalances, neurological
problems etc. (Organic causes) or stress, depression etc.
Because treating the underlying causes (Organic or Psychological), the
first line treatment of ED consists of a trial of PDES inhibitor (the first of
which was Sildenafil or Viagra). In some cases, treatment can involve
prostag-Landin tablets in the Urethra, intravenous injection with a fine
needle into the penis or clitoris that causes swelling of Penis or Clitoris
Pump or Vascular surgery, estrogen replacement therapy for the women etc.
3
Although there are various methods and techniques that are used to treat
this very condition, however, for the purpose of this project, the treatment is
restricted to Yohimbe, an extract from Pausinystalia yohimbe.
1.2 PREVALENCE OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN MEN
Erectile dysfunction, ED, varies in severity; some men have a total
inability to achieve an erection, others have inconsistent ability to achieve an
erection, and still others can sustain only brief erection. The variation in
severity of erectile dysfunction makes estimating its frequency difficult.
Many men also are reluctant to discuss erectile dysfunction with their
doctors, and thus, the condition is under-diagnosed. Nevertheless, experts
have estimated that ED affects 30 million men in the United States. Again,
according to the statistical research carried out by Adegunloye (2002) and
Eze (1994) respectively in Nigeria, results shows that about 23-26.4% of
men suffer from this condition while according to Spector and Carey (1999)
discovered that about 4-9% of men suffer from the condition in the United
States.
While erectile dysfunction can occur at any age, it is uncommon among
young men and more common in the elderly. By the age of 45, most men
have experienced erectile dysfunction at least some of the time. According
to the Massachusetts Male Aging Study, complete impotence increases from
5% among Men 40 years of age to 15% among Men 70 years and older.
Population studies conducted in the Netherlands found out that some degree
of ED occurred in 20% of Men between 50 – 54 and in 50% of men between
ages 70 – 78. In 1998, the National Ambulatory Medical care Survey
counted 1,520,000 Doctor Offices visited for ED.