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25 Description and Function of Road Drainage System – – – – – – – – – – – – 9
251 Description of Road Drainage Systems – – – – – – – – – – – – 9
252 Functions of Road Drainage Systems – – – – – – – – – – – – 10
26 Failures of Road Drainage System – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Effects
27 Effects of Poor Drainage on Roads – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – poor
28 By poor drainage effects of water on road – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11
29 Culverts – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11
210 Components of a road and pavement drainage system – – – – – – – – – – 13
2101 Ditches – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Erosion
2102 Erosion Control in Ditches – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14
211 Necessities to Construct Drainage System – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14
212 The Criteria for Roadside Channels – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15
213 Design Flood for Road Drainage System – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15
214 Flow Velocity in Road Drainage System – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15
CHAPTER THREE: – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16 METHODOLOGY – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16 31 Research Methodologies – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16
32 Selection of the Study Area – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – period
33 Study period – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18
34 Research design – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18
35 Study population – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18
36 Sample size and sampling procedures – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18
37 Study variables – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – collection
38 Data collection process – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 20
39 Data processing and analysis – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 21 310 Ethical considerations – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 21
311 Data quality assurance – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 21
312 Limitations of the study – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 22
313 Hydrological Analysis – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 22
314 Hydrological Equations for Determining Peak Flood – – – – – – – – – – Method
3141 Rational Method – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 23
31411 Runoff Coefficient – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 25
31412 Rainfall Intensity – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 26
31413 Time of Concentration – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 26
31414 Catchment Area – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 27
3142 The SCS method – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 28
31421 Catchment Area – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Rainfall-Runoff
31422 Rainfall-Runoff Equation – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 28
31423 Time of Concentration – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Curve
31424 Runoff and Curve Numbers – – – – – – – – – – – – – 32
31425 Hydrological Soil Groups – – – – – – – – – – – – – 34
315 Investigations of Design and Construction Practices on the study area – – – – – 34 3151 Design and Construction Practice at Station 18+160 – – – – – – – – 35 3152 Design and Construction Practice at Station 24+200 – – – – – – – – 36 3153 Design and Construction Practice at Station 42+120 – – – – – – – – 37 CHAPTER FOUR – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 39 RESULT AND DISCUSSION – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 39 41 Results from questionnaires analysis – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 39
411 Causes and effects of poor drainage system on asphalt road that response from the Engineers – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 39
4111 Causes of poor drainage on the flexible pavement road – – – – –
4112 The effects of poor drainage system on the road – – – – – – – 40 4113 Appropriateness of the drainage system – – – – – – – – – 42
4114 State of the drainage services – – – – – – – – – – – –
412 Causes and effects of poor drainage system on asphalt road that response from road users – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 43
4121 Level of road users‟ satisfaction of the drainage system – – – – – 44 413 Causes and effects of poor drainage system on asphalt road that response from the residents – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 45
42 Results from observation and photography – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 46
421 Causes and effects of poor drainage system on asphalt road Surface due to poor drainage that collected from the field with the photography – – – – – – – 47
43 Results from Hydrological Analysis – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Watershed
431 Descriptions of Watershed Area – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 51
432 Computation of Catchment Parameters – – – – – – – – – – – 52 4321 Catchment Parameters at Station 18+160 Drainage system – – – – 5at
4322 Catchment Parameters at Station 24+200 Drainage System – – – – 58
4323 Catchment Parameters for Design and Check at Station 42+120 – – – 58
44 Peak Discharge Computation – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 59
441 Peak Discharge at Station 18+160 Drainage System – – – – – – – – 59 CHAPTER FIVE – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 62 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION – – – – – – – – – – 62 51 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 62
52 Recommendation – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 63 REFERENCES – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 64 APPENDEX – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 67
APPENDIX A: Time of Flow, Unit Peak Discharge, Velocity of flow and SCS CN Charts 67 APPENDEX B: Roughness and Runoff Coefficient Values and Parameters for the Design of Drainage Structures – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 74 APPENDIX C: Questionnaire Type – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 82
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