Project Description

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Every parent wants the best for their children. They wanted their children to finish their studies. But unfortunately, there are many poor families who cannot provide for the education of their children. Some families can only afford to eat one meal a day and they can’t even send their children to school. Sometimes the parents encourage their children to work and earn for their living so that they can have something to eat. But we can’t blame them, because sometimes it is better to have something for supper, than to have something to feed your mind. Poverty has been a problem in the Philippines since time immemorial. Unfortunately, the number of Filipinos suffering from the aforementioned social problem is increasing every year. This is spite of the alleviation interventions being implemented by the government and numerous civic society groups.

Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo’s nine-year term saw the birth and growth of one of the foremost anti-poverty programs the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino program-popularly known as the 4Ps. Pantawid Pamilya is a conditional cash transfer program that provides incentives for poor families to invest in their future by ensuring that mothers and children avail of healthcare and that children go to school. It is a human development program of the national government that invest in the health and education for poor households, particularly of children age 0-14 years old. The program aims to provide social assistance and social development to its beneficiaries. By providing opportunity for the development of the young it envisions to prevent the vicious transmission of the cycle of poverty. Pantawid pamilya helps to fulfill the country’s commitment to meet the Millennium Development Goals.

Since 2007, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) of the Philippines is the conditional cash transfer program implemented by the Development of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), along with cooperative partner institutions such as the Department of Education, Department of Health, Department of the Interior and Local Government, and various other government institutions. The 4Ps was patterned after the conditional cash transfer programs in Latin American and African countries which have been proven successful as a poverty reduction and social development measure (DSWD, 2011).

The cash grant range from Php 500 to Php 1,400 per household per month, depending on the number of eligible children. At the core of CCT program is a social contract where a state provides financial resources   to a family in exchange for that family’s fulfillment of certain tasks such as ensuring that its children’s attendance in school, regular visits to community health centers, participation in government-sponsored feeding programs and attendance in more specific trainings, to name a few (Sonera, 2010). And according to Fernandez and Olfindo(2011), today, the program is seen more broadly as “ a vehicle for enhancing coordination within the government in assisting the poor and for increasing the effectiveness of social protection program”. Though statistics have shown that the increase in the poverty incidence among population in 2003 to 2009, from 24.9-26.5% is not so substantial, it is an increase, and 26.5% implies that more than a quarter of the whole Philippines population is below the poverty threshold. The 4Ps has been created to address that problem of poverty and inequality in the country.

Dr. Virola (2011), Secretary General of the National Statistical Coordination Board, said in the presentation of the 2009 official Poverty Statistic that a Filipino needed Php 974 in 2009 to meet his or her monthly food needs and PhP 7,403 monthly to stay of poverty. In 2009, a family of five needed PhP 4,869 monthly income to meet food needs and PhP 7,017 to stay out of poverty. Results of the latest Social Weather Stations (SWS) survey also revealed that one in every five Filipino households, or an estimated 4.3 million families, experienced involuntary hunger in the third quarter of the year 2011.        The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) serves as the government’s answers to the pressing issues regarding poverty Calvo (2011) defines the 4Ps as programs that provide cash benefits to finance the basic needs and foster investment in human capital to extremely poor households. These benefits are conditioned on certain behaviors, usually related to investments in nutrition, health and education.

The emergence of CCT programs like Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) occurred during the late 1990s, with Mexico’s innovative Progresa (now Opurtunidades) program emerging as one of the earliest schemes in 1997. The evidences highlighting the effectiveness of Progresa motivated arise in similar programs across Latin America. CCT programs are presently being implemented in several Latin American countries including Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Jamaica Mexico, and several more. Indonesia and Pakistan are only some of the Asian countries which employ the CCT programs as a major tool of their social policy. In general, these programs provide money and financial assistance to poor families under the condition that those transfers are used as an investment on their children’s human capital, such as regular school attendance and basic preventive health care. The main mission of the most CCT programs is to prevent inter-generational transference of poverty that is to stay, investing in young children and providing them with the provisions necessary for better opportunities in the future.

Statement of the Problem

            This study attempted to find out the deliberate usability of Conditional Cash Transfer (4Ps) as support to education and economic aspect for student beneficiaries of Siay National High School.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following problems:

1. How may the profile of students be described in terms of:
   • Age
   • Gender
   • Number of Siblings in the Family
2. How may the responses of the Grade VII students in terms of usability be described as the following:
   • Education Aspect
   • Economic Aspect
3. How may the responses of the Grade VIII students in terms of usability be described as the following:
   • Education Aspect
   • Economic Aspect
4. How may the responses of the Grade IX students in terms of usability be described as the following:
   • Education Aspect
   • Economic Aspect
5. How may the responses of the Fourth-Year students in terms of usability be described as the following:
   • Education Aspect
   • Economic Aspect
6. Is there a significant difference between the responses of Grade VII, Grade VIII, Grade IX, and Fourth Year Students?
7. What are the implications of the findings of the study to the following:
   • Students
   • Parents
   • Teachers
   • Implementing Agencies

Statement of the Hypothesis

This study utilizes the null hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference between the responses of Grade VII, Grade VIII, Grade IX, and Fourth Year student beneficiaries on the deliberate usability deliberate usability of conditional cash transfer (4Ps) as support to their education and economic aspect.

 

 

Scope and Limitations of the Study

            This study sought to look into the deliberate usability of Conditional Cash Transfer (4Ps) as support to education and economic aspect for student beneficiaries of Siay National High School. The subject of the study was the 195 students who are beneficiaries of Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. The variables considered in the study are: education and economic aspect.  This was done during the first semester S.Y. 2014-2015 in method of research in Siay National High School.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will show the deliberate usability of Conditional Cash Transfer Program (4Ps) as support to education and economic aspect for student beneficiaries of Siay National High School.

Specifically, the persons who will benefit this study are the following:

1. Implementing Agencies

The result of this study can be afforded information on their own performance. Whatever weak points revealed in the result can be provided remediation and transform into strengths.

This study serves as funnel and additional information about the advantages and disadvantages as result of this study.

Through this, they will also try to reflect on the data being gathered and evaluate if what factor is helpful to the beneficiaries for their development and this will be given more emphasis. The fruitful success of the program lies in their hands as the one giving the verdict of it.

2. Teachers

Through this study, the teacher can gain benefits in the sense that absenteeism of the students will be alleviated. Thus, 4Ps will be their partner in developing and molding the students into a better one.

This also served as guide to consider some factors in nurturing the students. Teachers should consider the educational aspect as well as the economic aspect as factors that determine student’s participation in the classroom and in outdoor activities.

Moreover, through this research, teachers will be buoyant to mug the undesirable  circumstances and make use of different tactics to motivate the child to do more with fighting spirit in every trials that child may encounter along their way in school for them to be able to continue enjoying the benefits of the program.

3. Parents

The study will help them realize that being beneficiaries of the program, it lessens their financial responsibility in school, gives them the opportunity to develop confidence and self-esteem and that the program has been their helping hand in providing ways and means  to alleviate poverty problems.

They will also realize that they are the most important people in child’s life and responsible for the school payments and positive involvement and interest in the child.

Recognizing their role as the first and most important teacher, providing steady and supportive relationship, ensuring safe, existence of happiness, promoting good health and consistent environment, and excitement about learning determination and self control.

4. Student Beneficiary

The student beneficiaries will understand that Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is for their own benefit. Its purpose is to prevent inter-generational transferee of poverty, investing young children and providing them with provisions necessary for better opportunities in the future.

This will also be the basis in improving their performances in terms of academic level for them to be aware of what will be the guidelines in order to continue availing the program.

Beneficiaries will be enlightened on what to do in achieving the required grades and spending the money to the allocated purpose of 4ps. It will help them to uphold their maturity for a purposive one: thereby it becomes beneficial to them

Theoretical Framework

            For years of studies, data shows that educators are facing common problems each year. One of the most common problems is poverty and due to this most of the poor students has the case of absenteeism in school and some were dropped.

The government is now on its peak in providing ways and means to alleviate the said problem. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is the latest and widespread program designed to provide assistance to Filipino families giving much weight on the education of the Filipino children. The program has been the motivation to students to pursue their studies.

According to Manansan (2011), in her concluding remarks, mentions that 4Ps has some early indication of success in improving school attendance. The author further argues that the initial effect on school attendance is not rigorous as other impact evaluation techniques. If 4Ps would be effective, then in some future time, some households should be eventually graduating from the program. Whether or not the 4Ps will lead to behavioral changes and expected human capital impact is an empirical matter.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers conceptualized that profile variables, education and economic are aspect related to the deliberate usability of conditional cash transfer program (4ps) of the government. The aforementioned theories of motivation, human resource theory, and Maslow’s hierarchical theory of human needs and the rest reached a common point supporting the variables indicated.

As mentioned, deliberate usability of conditional cash transfer program (4ps) is determined by its profile variables. Age is the number one variable that the beneficiaries has something to do to continue availing the program. Number of siblings in the family is another variable that would correlate and believed to have a bearing percentage in this study. It is anchored in this variable the household size which ticked on the number of members in the household that has an effect to their economic condition. Thus, it will make an impact of this study.

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino program (4Ps) is a conditional cash transfer program that provides incentives for poor families to invest in their future by ensuring that mothers and children avail of healthcare and that children go to school. The implementation of this program aimed to prevent inter-generational transference of poverty, since poverty has been a problem in the Philippines. Its mission is for education and economic sustainability.

The conceptual paradigm was constructed as guide on how the variables interplay with one another that determines the central form of the study. It shows the flow of the research that education and economic are the aspects that the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program supports and the bases of measuring the usability of the program to the student beneficiaries of Siay National High School. The conceptual paradigm of the study is presented in Figure 1.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Paradigm of the study

DEPENDENT VARIABLES     DELIBERATE USABILITY OF THE CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER PROGRAM (4PS) OF THE GOVERNMENT

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES   A.           PROFILE VARIABLES 1. Age 2. Gender 3. No. of Siblings   B.           USABILITY OF THE CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER PROGRAM (4PS)   1.               Education Aspect 2.               Economic Aspect

                                                                                         

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FIGURE 1.

Schematic Diagram Showing the Relationship of the

Independent and Dependent Variables

 

Definition of Terms

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). A conditional cash transfer sprogram that provides incentives for poor families to invest in their future by ensuring that mothers and children avail of healthcare and children go to school.

Conditional Cash Transfer Program (CCT). A program implemented where may cash grant is given to eligible beneficiaries given that these beneficiaries comply with certain conditions such as nutrition, education and family development sessions.

Deliberate. Refers to think about or discuss issues and decisions carefully it is characterized by awareness of the consequences. (Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2010)

Education. Refers to the action or process of educating or being educated; it is the knowledge and development resulting from an educational process. (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2010)

Economic. Relating to a household or its management and it is based on the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2010)

Usability.  Refers to capable used conveniently and practically. (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2010)

Poverty. Refers to the state of one who lacks a usual or social acceptable amount of money or material possessions. (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2010)

Beneficiary. One who benefits or receives from the program. (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2010)

Literacy Rate. Refers to the increase of number of individual learns how to read and write. (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2010)

 

Attendance Rate. Refers to the increase of number of students attending classes. (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2010)

Parent’s Involvement. Refers to the active engagement of parents in the activities of their child in and of their home premises. (Merriam Webster Dictionary 2010)

Dependent Variable. The factor which is observed and measured to detrmine the effect of the independent variable.

Independent Variable. The one which is measuered , manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon.

Respondents. Refers to individuals involved in a study from whose responses of data are derived.

Variable.  A characteristic that has two or more actually exclusive values or properties.

F- test (Analysis of Variance or ANOVA). Used to test the significant difference of the means of three or more independent samples. It takes into account two sources of variations – from the between-group and from the within group.

 

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