TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page – – – – – – – – – –

Title Page – – – – – – – – – –

Certification – – – – – – – – – –

Dedication – – – – – – – – – –

Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – –

Abstract – – – – – – – – – –

Table of Content – – – – – – – – –

Chapter One: Introduction

Background of the Study – – – – – –

Statement of the Problem – – – – – –

Objectives of the Study – – – – – – –

Research Questions – – – – – – –

Research Hypotheses – – – – – – –

Significance of the Study – – – – – – –

Scope/ Limitation of the Study – – – – – –

Definition of Terms – – – – – – –

Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature

2.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – –

2.2 Conceptual Framework – – – – – – –

2.3 Theoretical Framework – – – – – – –

2.4 Empirical Review – – – – – – – –

Chapter Three: Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – –

3.1 Research Design – – – – – – – –

3.3 Area of the Study – – – – – – – –

3.4 Population of the Study – – – – – – –

3.5 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques – – – –

3.6 Instrumentation – – – – – – – –

3.7 Validation of the Instrument – – – – – –

3.8 Administration of the Instrument – – – – –

3.9 Method of Data Analysis – – – – – – –

Chapter Four: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – –

4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data – – – – –

4.3 Testing of Hypotheses – – – – – – –

4.4 Discussion of Findings – – – – – – –

Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – –

5.2 Summary – – – – – – – – –

5.3 Conclusion – – – – – – – – –

INTRODUCTION:

In the past four decades, economic losses due to natural hazards such as, floods disasters have increased in many folds and have also resulted in major loss of human lives and livelihoods, the destruction of economic and social infrastructure, as well as environmental damages (Munich, 2002). Flood could be seen as one of the most common natural disasters in the world. Floods, one of natural hazards result from the potential for extreme geographical events, to create an unexpected threat to human life and property (Smith, 1996). When severe floods occur in areas occupied by humans, they can create natural disasters which involve the loss of human life and property plus serious disruption to the ongoing activities of large urban and rural communities (Smith and Ward, 1998).

However, besides the negative flood impact such as damage to houses and other buildings, loss of life, loss of jobs or income, disruption of the network of social contact, and interruption to normal access to education, health and food services, there can be a variety of positive flood impacts, for instance, increased fertility of agricultural land (Parker et al. 1987). For poorer groups, some of the impacts are very direct, if flood becomes more frequent and hazardous. The urban poor are the most vulnerable socially, economically and physically to the impacts of extreme events and, to the impact of adverse environmental tendencies resulting from climate change such as flood, drought, increasing sea-level etc. Vulnerability, is a critical dimension of poverty, though synonymous with poverty, but refers to defenselessness and insecurity (Idowu, 2011). With the increasing number of urban dwellers worldwide, the number of people at risk or vulnerable to flood hazards is likely to increase. Any increase in disasters, whether large or small, will threaten development gains and hinder the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (UN-ISDR, 2008). Disasters such as flooding, poses serious challenge to the economy of a nation. It must be noted that the economic environment of a nation consists of its financial systems, social welfare, power sector, transportation, investments, commerce, manufacturing, construction and banking among others.

Disasters when they occur usually result in pains and huge losses to the economy and in most cases; it is always difficult to quantify the actual cost of damages and recovery. A single case of disaster such as the one that occurred in Lagos, Nigeria on July 10, 2011 actually destroyed several years of developmental efforts. In flood disaster, there are loss of lives, destruction of public utilities and disruption in the smooth functioning of the system that renders fear and uncertainties among the populace. In addition, there was loss of livelihoods, damage to the environment, financial loss, and diversion of resources, epidemics, migration, food shortages and displacement of the people. The impact can be very high in the urban areas, because the areas affected are densely populated and contain vital infrastructure such as in Ilaje community in Lagos state. A more disturbing issue is the lack of attention to the promotion of sustainable environmental management especially in disaster prone areas resulting in devastations which could have been averted.

Flood is said to be the most significant effect of climate change on the poor (Idowu, 2011). It is caused from increased precipitation: therefore destroying infrastructure like roads, culverts, drainage systems, houses and water supply which can have knock-on effects on many parts of the study area. Damage to healthcare infrastructure will affect the health of the population and damage to roads can disrupt livelihoods and income. Four different types of flooding are evident in literature: localized flooding due to inadequate drainage system; flooding from small streams whose banks urban areas are built; and coastal flooding from the sea or through a combination of high tides and high river flows from inland. climate change

Localized flooding occurs many times a year in many informal settlements such as those in the study area, because there are few drains (or those that exist are blocked), most of the ground is highly compacted and pathways between dwellings become streams after heavy rain.

The urban poor in Nigeria particularly refers to a sub-population characterized by various forms of social deprivation, such feature, include low education, low and unstable income, struggle for survival and a spatial housing location with all the characteristics of slums, shanty towns or squatter settlements as epitomized by the Ilaje community. Based on the foregoing, this study is examining the coping mechanism of the residents of Ilaje community, Somolu local government area of Lagos state to flood with the view to evolving a framework for mitigation and adaptation. climate change

This study, therefore, intends to contribute to the body of knowledge in environmental planning, by examining the coping mechanism in Ilaje community being a flood prone area in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. In an attempt to address these issues, this study, therefore, addresses the following key questions:

• What are the socio-economic characteristics of the residents in the study area?

• What are the adaptive mechanism of the residents to flooding and;

• What is the environmental condition in Ilaje community?