The research investigated the effect of simulation and retention in some concepts n government at senior secondary school in Nsukka education zone. A quasi-experimental design of the pre- test post-test won equivalent research design was adopted. Four research questions and four hypotheses guided the study. A sample of 287 SSII students (140 males and 147 females) was selected from four schools using multi stage sampling technique. Test (test blue print and the test item (GAT) were face and content validated by experts in the field). Two instruments were used for data collection. They are government achievement fest (GAT) and government Retention Test (ETRT) the reliability of the interment using kuder Richardson formula 20 (KR-20) and the reliability coefficient of 0.91 was obtained. It was formed that simulation method is more superior to lecture method in terms of student achievement and retention. It terms of gender male and female students taught with simulation method achieved and retained almost equality. Finally it was recommended that simulation method should be used in classrooms and should be regular workshops and in service training for teachers on the use of simulation method and the need for adequate supervision to ensure effective implementation of government curriculum.

CHAPTER
ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background
of the Study    

             Government has different definitions and
meanings. It means different thing to different people in different situations.
Some people may see it as a process, some may see it as an institution and
others may see it as a subject. Government as a process implies the complex
networking of system for purposes of rule making, rule implementation and rule
adjudication (Obianyo, 2002). This in a simple parlance means the actual State
administration. In this definition, people see Government from the point of
what the body of people in administration can do for the ruled. Government as
an institution connotes a series of accepted and regular procedures for the
administration of the people in a State (Oriaku, 2000). Government as an
institution is the most common perception of the term Government, in the sense
that it falls within the common man’s daily usage of the term to describe those
apparatuses or institutions of the State responsible for governance (Obianyo,
2002). Ezegbe (2006:113) defining Government as an institution states that it
is “the body of persons who are engaged in the business of law making, law
administration and law adjudication”. Government as an institution refers to
machinery for State administration.

 Government as an academic field of study can be referred to as a subject of study. That is Government as a reading course in the secondary schools’ curriculum, colleges of education and universities. It is the study of agencies, political institutions and dynamics of the State (Anyaele, 1994). According to Obianyo (2002:166), government as a subject,

Emphasizes the study of the principles governing the organization of the State, and implementation within and across States. It also studies the behaviour of individuals, groups and organization in society, especially as regards their relationship to the State power; factors that generate conflicts within and between them and how these conflicts are resolved. This specialized field also involves the generation of concepts, formulation of theories and methods of understanding, explaining and predicting political phenomena.

            Government
conveys different pictures depending on the context of use, the intention of
the user; and the character of the socio-economic formation in which it is
employed or it is supposed to describe. Nevertheless, Government as an academic
field of study is the concern of this study.

            Throughout
the era of colonialism in Nigeria
government as a subject was never taught in Nigerian schools. However it was
precisely introduced in 1970 (NPE,1977) and as well approved by west African
Examination Council (WAEC) as one of the subjects in secondary school
curricula. Government has a pride of place among the community of subjects
though there seems to be a deliberate attempt by the colonial masters to
delegate it to the background with the intention of blinding the people
politically. It is pertinent to note that for any political system to succeed
the people within the polity must be politically enlightened. In line with the
above assertion, Kwame Nkruma in one of his works Africa Must Unite did not
only call for the debunking of ravaging colonial educational structure but
suggest in its stead a sound political education for the people. Following
this, Nkrumah made Government a compulsory school subject in Ghana during his regime. Government
as an academic field of study is planned to help students understand the state
and the process of government. The importance of Government as a subject of
study cannot be overemphasized.  Its
objectives among others are to enable students to:

1. Understand
   the concepts, principle, institutions and process of government;
2. Recognise
   their role as informed citizens and their contributions towards the       achievement of national development;
3. Become
   active participants in democratic process of the nation and their local
   government and;
4. Appreciate
   the role of Nigeria
   as a member of the international community
5. Appreciate
   the challenges and dynamics of past and present government in Nigeria.
6. Recognise
   the role of ICT in e-government and in fostering the process of government in
   the world. (Nigeria
   Educational Research and Development Council, 2007).

            The
importance of Government ranges from studying Government for its own sake to
its practical application in day to day problem of individuals and society. The
study of Government prepares the students to take active part in the government
of the country as administrative officers, personnel officers, know their
rights, duties and obligations as citizens; equips those interested in politics
to be professional politicians; to understand the type of system of government
adopted in their country and inculcates the spirit of nationalism and
patriotism in the students (citizens) among others (Anyaele, 1994).
Regrettably, despite these lofty objectives and importance of Government to
national development, there is low performance of students in government at
senior secondary schools (WAEC Chief Examiner’s report, 2010, 2011, 2012 &
2013). According to these WAEC chief examiners reports these poor performancey
of students’ in Government may be as result of lack of knowledge of subject
matter, poor communication skill and poor knowledge of current affairs on the
part of students among others. The 2007 WAEC Chief examiner’s report attributes
the student’s low achievement to the teaching method adopted by the teachers. From
the personal observation of the researcher teachers in Nsukka education  zone still predominantly use the conventional
teaching method.    

            Teaching
method in Greek language “Metahodos” 
means a way- Method is therefore derived from ‘metahodos’ (Esu &
Inyang-Abia, 2004) and it means the right way for our purpose. From this,
teaching method can be said to be a chosen systematized and ordered correct way
through which the ‘act of teaching’ is performed in order to achieve the set
objectives of instruction (Mezieobi,Fubara & Mezieobi, 2008). Various
teaching methods are used by teachers in teaching of government aimed at
bringing about meaningful learning and the realisation of Government
objectives. . This includes lecture method, demonstration method, discovery
method, project method, inquiry method, simulation method among others.

            There
is no particular teaching method that is said to be the best at all times. A
good teacher uses different method to teach different unit of the curriculum,
bearing in mind the nature of the units. Government is made up of different
units, therefore there is need to use different method that appeal to the units
to teach for a better achievement in Government. NERDC (2007) recommended the
use of interactive and participatory approach in teaching Government to make
learning active.

            Nevertheless
among the various methods that may be used to teach Government, the most
commonly used is the lecture method. The lecture method employed in teaching
government though with its own good side has some flaws, which might be one of
the causes of the poor achievement and retention in government. According to
Awotua-Efebo (2001), the lecture method is mainly teacher-centred with the
students’ being consistently passive and content are thought as absolute
knowledge. The traditional method of teaching failed in the recognition of the
uniqueness of inquiry based nature of government and the learner’s
individuality. Student learning remains largely based upon extracting knowledge
from texts and notes, or methods based around the metaphor of acquisition
(Sfard, 1998). This style of teaching rarely gives students the opportunity to
apply their newfound knowledge to actual situations, resulting in a serious
time lag between students learning and applying new knowledge (Raymond,
2010).  That is why Adenirin (1993)
observed that teachers struggle to teach against the nature of children.
Furthermore it does not facilitate the development of reasoning skills and
process in the students. These among other reasons had not enhanced learning in
students and thus had led to poor achievement and retention of students in
government. The traditional pedagogical techniques of assigned readings,
lectures, tests, and papers often fail to replicate the “real world.” As a
result, some have turned to innovative methods like Inquiry method, discussion
method, project method, simulation etc, to help achieve their course
objectives. A shift towards a more student-centred approach has been taking
place. The student’s role has shifted and now the student is leading the way,
taking up the majority of the discussions and arguments while the teacher has
become the moderator in the discussion. Simulation method which is one of the
innovative methods has recorded success in other subjects and countries. Despite
the success of the simulation method in other subjects, the adoption of this
type of teaching method has been quite slow in Nigerian education system social
science subjects and particularly in Government in senior secondary schools.

            However
the teacher adopts method in teaching led to student’s high retention and
achievement (Miriogu, 2012; Udeji, 2007; Udousoro 2002). The issues relating to
achievement and retention as it concerns instructional strategies or method
used in teaching need more clarification (Miriogu, 2012; Udeji, 2007; Udousoro 2002).
Therefore, there is need to investigate more learner centred, activity oriented
method or innovative method like simulation and its effects on achievement and
retention. An ancient Chinese proverb says: I hear and I forget, I see and
remember I do and I understand, clearly indicating that the idea of active
learning producing understanding is not a new concept. “One must learn by doing
the thing, for though you think you know it—you have no certainty until you
try.”

            Simulation
therefore is an innovative teaching method which is Learner centred
activity-oriented teaching strategy. The word simulation comes from Latin word
‘similis’ meaning ‘like’ that is to act like, to resemble, to pretend to be, . Additionally, the format
of simulations ranges from computerized games to elaborate, role-playing
scenarios (Moore,
2009). While not all simulations involve role playing, for the purposes of this
study role-playing simulation will be used. Role-play simulation refer
to active learning techniques in which students try to “become another
individual and, by assuming the role, to gain a better understanding of the
person, as well as the actions and motivations that prompt certain
behaviours…[and] explore their [own] feelings” (Moore, 2009; 209).“Simulations
give students the chance to apply theory, develop critical skills, and provide
a welcome relief from the everyday tasks of reading and preparing for classes”
(Kanner, 2007). An additional benefit of simulations is the introduction of an
aspect of realism into the students’ experience.
Simulation is an educational tool where students learn through the application
of theory and decision-making to a simulated real-world business scenario. The
use of simulation techniques where students are allowed to project themselves
into new classroom roles helps to improve classroom dialogue, active
participation and transfer of learning (Watson, 1986).  This study therefore tries to find out the
effect of simulation on students achievement and retention in some Government
concepts at senior secondary school in Nsukka education zone.

             Academic achievement according to Jacobs
(2008) depicts students’ performance on a measurement such as performance test,
skill test, analytical thinking test etc. It is therefore, not out of place to
describe academic achievement as gain in knowledge of students as a result of
taking part in a learning activity or programme. Academic achievement is a
result oriented construct that encapsulates the extent of performance in a
desired task (Rix, 2010).  Ogunsaju
(2004), states that the academic standard in all Nigerian institutions has
fallen considerably below societal expectations. The learning of Government in
secondary schools has not fared well in view of the end product resulting in
the lack of understanding and consequently poor achievement and total
nonchalance in the discharge of civic duties and responsibilities which the
subject has as its cornerstone objective (Ugwu, 2013). Most students graduate from
school without being able to exhibit the expected behaviour. Unfortunately
evidence from literature showed that most teachers in Nigerian secondary school
predominately use the conventional teaching method in teaching due to poor
knowledge and none exposure to other learner centred method leading to poor
achievement and retention (Anderson & Freedman, 2002; Omoniyi, 2006).
Teaching in Nigeria
still follows the traditional pattern even when the traditional method is
neither promoting students’ interest nor achievement in the subject ( Iji,
2002). The whole process of education centres around two key concepts ‘teaching
and learning’. Therefore, any loophole in the process of teaching is bound to
affect learning and consequently students’ achievement and retention.

            Retention
according to Hornby (2001) is the ability to remember things. Iji (2010),
states that retention is the continued capacity to behave in particular way
that has been learned. Iji (2010) asserts that retention is measured in
collaboration with achievement. Retention according to Chauhan (1998) is a
direct correlate of positive transfer. Gagne (1970) noted that the type of
material included in the teaching programme, structured in a carefully formed
sequence is quite resistant to forgetting. This implies that any instructional
model which is effective in enhancing achievement can as well be effective in
enhancing retention. Although much of literature suggests that simulation
method helps students’ to achieve and retain better there is no consensus among
researchers as regards the effect on gender

            Gender
according to Ekeh (2000) implies the character of being male or female, man or
women, boy or girl. Offorma (2004) viewed gender as a learned socially
constructed condition ascribed to male and female. Gender differences in
achievement have been examined for some time resulting in a substantial body of
literature (Jack and Johannes, 2001).  As
observed by Ogunkola (1997), girls tend to perform better than boys in reading
and verbal skills, while the reverse is the case in manipulative and physical
productive tasks. Fabunmi (2004) in a study discovered that gender composition
has a significant relationship with students’ academic performance and that
gender composition has a significant influence on secondary school students’
academic performance. While some other researchers have it that gender has no
influence in students’ academic achievement and retention (Iloputaife, 2001
&Eze, 2001). In other words there is no consensus among researchers as regards
the influence of gender on students’ academic achievement and retention. Hence
additionally this study sorts to investigate the relevance and possible
influence of gender on students’ achievement and retention in Government at
senior secondary school in Nsukka education zone.

            However
while much of the literature reviewed showed that simulation has been studied
in other fields of study and area (Bonwell, 1996; Fink, 2003; Poling &
Hupp, 2009),there is dearth of empirical evidence to support this assertion in
Government at senior secondary schools in Nsukka education zone.  This study therefore seeks to find out the
effect of simulation method on students’ achievement and retention in
Government at senior secondary school level in Nsukka education zone.

Statement
of the Problem

            It
quiet worrisome that despite the importance of government to national
development, students’ achievement in Government is still at declining point.
The achievement of students’ in WAEC has been poor. This  decline in students academic achievement has
been attributed to so many factors which include poor communication skill, poor
knowledge of the subject matter, teaching method to mention a few. WAEC Chief
Examiner’s report 2007 attributed students’ poor achievement in Government to
the teaching method adopted by teachers.

             Research in education has shown that teaching
and learning in Nigeria
still follows predominately the traditional method of teaching especially
lecture method. The decline in academic achievement and retention of students
could possibly be as a result of the ineffective teaching method employed by
the teacher. Hence the search for better methods and newer innovations.
Research findings revealed that simulation method has been of tremendous effect
in other subjects and area. However it is not known if simulation method will
have the same effect in Government in Nsukka Education Zone

            Though
students poor academic achievement has been seriously blamed on teaching method
employed by the teacher, the influence of gender on students’ achievement with
regards to teaching methods remain unresolved issue among researchers.
Consequently, the influence of gender on students’ academic achievement as
regard simulation method will also make part of this study. However the main
problem of this study is the determination of the effect of simulation method
on students’ achievement and retention in Government.

Purpose
of Study

              The purpose of this study was to determine
the effect of simulation method on students’ achievement and retention in
Government at senior secondary school in Nsukka education zone. Specifically
the study sought to determine the:

1. Effect of simulation method on
students’ achievement in Government.

2. Effect of simulation method on
students’ retention in Government.

3. Extent simulation method exerts
influence on students’ achievement in Government across gender.

4. Extent simulation method exerts
influence on students’ retention in Government across gender.

Significance
of Study

            The
result of this study will have both theoretical and practical significance. The
theoretical significance of this study is linked to constructivist theory.
Constructivist theory holds that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an
interaction between their experiences and their ideas. The constructivist
theory is a learning approach which argues that individuals learn best when
they actively construct knowledge and understanding through interacting with
others (Santrock, 2004).  A strong
proponent of constructivist theory is Vygotsky. Vygotsky (1978) acknowledges
the conceptual shift from individual to collaboration and social interaction
which could be found in simulation (Rogoff, 1998 cited in Santrock, 2004). This
theory is seen to be strongly linked to the present study on the grounds that
students will learn best as they actively construct knowledge through their
interactions with one another which simulation readily provides. During
infancy, it is an interaction between their experiences and their reflexes or
behaviour-patterns. Piaget called this system of knowledge schemata. Simulation
method of teaching is a teaching method that involves students’ active
participation through role play. Therefore the outcome of this study may help
to strengthen the constructivist theory.

Apart from theoretical
significance, the result of this study will also be of practical benefit.
Practically the result of this study will hopefully be of immense benefits to
Government teachers and students, authors, curriculum planners, government and
the society at large.

             The findings of this study will be helpful to
Government teachers. It will provide a sort of guide to them. It will reveal
the efficacy of simulation to the teachers based on which they would see it as
one of the more effective method of teaching Government and begin to use it. In
line with this it is hoped that the teaching and learning of Government will
become more interesting, effective, meaningful and less tedious on the part of
the teacher. The study will also reveal to students the various interesting
activities they would be involved in while studying Government. This would
stimulate and retain their interest in Government and enable them to better
understand government concepts to be able to achieve and retain better in the
subject.

 The findings of this study would hopefully
spur authors of Government textbook to begin to publish textbooks that will
appeal to the interest, experiences and ability of students. This study will
inform authors of the need to include learner-centred activities in the
textbooks to make it more beneficial to the students

            Also
if this research establishes the efficacy of simulation in enhancing students’
achievement and retention in government, the result could trigger off more
researches and innovations in teaching Government. Based on the findings,
workshops and seminars on how to use the simulation method in teaching
different topics in Government to enhance better understanding in the subject
could then be sponsored by relevant government body.

            Finally
the benefit of effective teaching and learning of any subject has a direct
implication to the society. Effective teaching and learning of Government in
school manifest in the society in a number of ways, for instance, the
application of the knowledge of the subject in solving and handling political
problems and issues and the discharge of their civic responsibility and
obligations in the society by the students. This will make the society to be
more organised and peaceful. The students can apply the knowledge only when
they learn the subject well through innovative teaching method such as
simulation method.

Scope
of Study

            The
study was delimited to the investigation of the effect of the simulation method
of teaching on students’ achievement and retention in Government. The
investigation was restricted to the topic – Electoral process and Pre-colonial
political administration in Nigeria
as found in the section of government meant for SS11 students.   The choice of the topic was informed by the teachers
who identified the topics as one of those that students found difficult to
learn.

            The
study will be carried out with only SS11 Government students in four
co-educational secondary schools in Nsukka education zone. The decision was
taken to ensure that gender which is one of the variables of interest in the
study, receives adequate attention.

Research
Questions

The following research questions
will guides the study;

1. 
What are the mean achievement scores of SS11 Government students taught   with simulation method and those taught with
the lecture method?

2. 
What are the mean retention scores of SS11 Government students taught
with simulation method and those taught with the lecture method?

3. What are the differences in the
achievement mean scores of male and female SS11 student in Government
achievement test when taught using simulation method?

4. What are the differences in the mean
retention scores of male and female SS11 student in Government achievement test
when taught using simulation method?

Hypotheses

The following hypotheses, which
will be tested at 0.05 level of significance, will guide the study:

H0₁: There is no significant
difference between the mean achievement scores of SS11 Government students
taught using simulation method and those taught using the lecture method.

H0₂: There is no significant
difference between the mean retention scores of SS11 Government students taught
the Government  using simulation method
and those taught using the lecture method      

H0₃: There is no significant
difference between the mean achievement score of male and female students in
Government achievement test.

H0₄: There is no significant difference between the mean retention score of male and female students in Government retention test.

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